Ancient wrote:The same is true surely for car driver training? Courses aimed primarily at skill improvement rather than attitude will potentially have adverse effects over a population?
http://www.irfnews.org/wp-content/uploa ... 7-2013.pdfAnd this is C&P from elsewhere:
OK, I haven't read all of this stuff, perhaps just a few of the abstracts etc., but it all comes from a few moments searching on Google. The point, as far as I'm concerned, is that if 'training' was really 'effective', wouldn't, shouldn't there be a more dramatic, 'significant' (to use the stato term) effect? And, yes, I may have cherry-picked from conclusions etc.
My 2p: Good training is effective but - even from the same syllabus - 'bad' training isn't. However, training could often engcourage 'poor' riders - who might otherwise have given up riding - to continue, so increasing their exposure to risk as 'riders'. Also, 'skills'-based training can cause over-estimation of ability and over-confidence in those skills.
P L A I N L A N G U A G E S U M M A R Y
Strong evidence that advanced and remedial driver education does not reduce road traffic crashes or injuries
Road traffic crashes are a major cause of death and injury worldwide. As drivers’ errors are a factor often contributing to traffic crashes, driver education is often used in the belief that thismakes drivers safer.Driver education for licensed drivers can be remedial programmes for those with poor driving records, or advanced courses for drivers generally. They can be offered by correspondence, in groups or with individualised training. The review of trials found strong evidence that no type of driver education for licensed drivers leads to a reduction in traffic crashes or injuries.
Although the risk of being involved in a traffic accident is the same for motorcyclists as compared to other road users, the risk of a motorcyclist being injured in an accident is much higher. On basis of the high injury risk for motorcyclists, is seems most relevant to focus on countermeasures to prevent crashes. It is, however, unrealistic to assume that all motorcycle accidents can be avoided. As a consequence, countermeasures aimed at reducing injury severity are also needed. Different countermeasures of these types are reviewed in the report. There is no evidence showing that voluntary training programs reduces the accident risk, but compulsory licensing programs seems to give a small reduction in accident risk. There is clear evidence for a reduction in injury severity when using protective clothing and a helmet. There is reason to belive that ABS-brakes on motorcycles both will prevent accidents and reduce injury severity. There is no evidence for a relationship between accident risk and motorcycle engine size/effect. However, being unfamiliar or inexperienced with the motorcycle in question seems to increase the risk of being involved in an accident.Studies demonstrate that increased motorcycle/motorcyclist conspicuity (e.g. daytime running lights) reduces the risk of collision with another vehicle. Impact with crash barriers can result in severe injuries for motorcyclists, and there are today several means for improving such barriers/fences.
CONCLUSIONS
Many of the published evaluations of rider training as a method for reducing crash occurrence and severity were undertaken when most trainees were novice riders were young and most riders were undertaking learner or licence courses. The results of these evaluations may not be valid for the new profile of riders. The results of this survey show that there are now many old dogs trying to learn new tricks and that it is hard to measure whether these efforts are being successful. Several approaches to measuring the effects of training on crash involvement in this paper all concluded that there was no statistically significant relationship.
However, there was evidence to suggest that some participants may be riding faster in some situations after taking part in Bikesafe. It may be that some participants are engaging in 'risk compensation' - they feel that they have become better riders, and are therefore better equipped to ride at speed.
Motorcycle crash fatalities in the United States have been increasing since 1997, when the total number of fatalities reached a record low. Motorcycle training programs were enacted before this rise, and many studies have aimed to show their effectiveness. The objective of this study is to review and synthesize the results of existing research on the effectiveness of motorcycle education courses and different licensing procedures. The effectiveness of programs is examined through the effect training has on accident rates, violation rates, and personal protective equipment use found through past research. Research to date has not consistently supported the notion that training is either effective or ineffective. Some studies have demonstrated that accident and traffic violation rates are lower for trained riders than for untrained riders, whereas others have demonstrated that they are higher for trained riders. Training increases the use of personal protective equipment among motorcyclists. Motorcycle licensing procedures have been shown to have different effects on accident rates. Lower accident rates have been observed in areas with stricter regulations for obtaining a license. The studies vary greatly in both the methods used for comparison and the rigor of their evaluation methodology. No standards for evaluation exist. The findings of these previous studies may be more a reflection of the methods used to evaluate motorcycle training than the effectiveness of training itself.
Persistent increases in motorcycle fatalities and injuries in recent years have heightened safety awareness and have focused attention on the role that motorcyclist training and education can play in reducing accident rates. In this study a 2005 sample of Indiana motorcyclists was used to estimate statistical models of the effectiveness of existing training programs in reducing accident probabilities. Statistical models relating to motorcyclist speed choice and helmet usage behavior were also estimated. The findings showed that those individuals who took beginning rider training courses were more likely to be involved in an accident than those who did not and that those who took the beginning course more than once were much more likely to be involved in an accident. Although explanations for these findings can range from the use of ineffective course material to changes in risk perception as a result of taking the course, another explanation is that riders who take the course are inherently less skilled than those who do not. The findings underscore the need for a careful and comprehensive study of rider skills and risk perceptions to maximize the effectiveness of motorcycle training courses.
More:
Do expert drivers have a reduced illusion of superiority?
Andrea E. Waylen, Mark S. Horswill, Jane L. Alexander, Frank P. McKenna
Abstract
It is well established that people tend to rate themselves as better than average across many domains. To
maintain these illusions, it is suggested that people distort feedback about their own and others performance.
This study examined expert/novice differences in self-ratings when people compared themselves with
others of the same level of expertise and background as themselves. Given that a key expert characteristic is
increased self-monitoring, we predicted that experts in a domain may have a reduced illusion of superiority
because they are more aware of their actual ability. We compared expert police drivers with novice police
drivers and found that this prediction was not supported. Expert police drivers rated themselves as superior
to equally qualified drivers, to the same degree as novices, Cohens d = .03 ns. Despite their extensive additional
training and experience, experts still appear to be as susceptible to illusions of superiority as everyone
else.
Effect of a road safety training program on drivers’ comparative optimism
Stéphane Perrissol, Annique Smeding, Francis Laumond, Valérie Le Flocha
a b s t r a c t
Reducing comparative optimism regarding risk perceptions in traffic accidents has been proven to be
particularly difficult (Delhomme, 2000). This is unfortunate because comparative optimism is assumed
to impede preventive action. The present study tested whether a road safety training course could reduce
drivers’ comparative optimism in high control situations. Results show that the training course efficiently
reduced comparative optimism in high control, but not in low control situations. Mechanisms underlying
this finding and implications for the design of road safety training courses are discussed.
Effects of higher-order driving skill training on young, inexperienced drivers’ on-road driving performance
Robert B. Isler, Nicola J. Starkey, Peter Sheppard
a b s t r a c t
The aim of the current study was to compare the effects of training in higher-order driving skills (e.g.,
perceptual, motivational, insight) and vehicle handling skill training in relation to on-road driving performance,
hazard perception, attitudes to risky driving and driver confidence levels in young, inexperienced
drivers. Thirty-six young drivers (23 males and 13 females, average age 16.3 years), mostly on a restricted
NZ driver licence, participated in a Driver Training Research camp. Participants were randomly allocated
to one of three equally sized groups according to the type of driving skill training (5 days) they
received: higher-order, vehicle handling or control (no training). Professional driver assessors conducted
a comprehensive driving assessment before (Baseline) and after the training (Post Training). At both
time points, participants also carried out a computerised hazard perception task, and completed selfreport
questionnaires to assess attitudes to risky driving and driver confidence. In terms of on road
driving, the participants who received higher-order driving skill training showed a statistically significant
improvement in relation to visual search and the composite driving measure. This was accompanied
by an improvement in hazard perception, safer attitudes to close following and to dangerous overtaking
and a decrease in driving related confidence. The participants who received vehicle handling skill training
showed significant improvements in relation to their on-road direction control, speed choice and the
composite driving score. However, this group showed no improvement in hazard perception, attitudes
to risky driving or driver confidence. The findings will be discussed in the context of driver training as a
viable crash prevention intervention in regard to young, inexperienced drivers.
Do expert drivers have a reduced illusion of superiority?
Andrea E. Waylen, Mark S. Horswill, Jane L. Alexander, Frank P. McKenna
Abstract
It is well established that people tend to rate themselves as better than average across many domains. To
maintain these illusions, it is suggested that people distort feedback about their own and others' performance.
This study examined expert/novice differences in self-ratings when people compared themselves with
others of the same level of expertise and background as themselves. Given that a key expert characteristic is
increased self-monitoring, we predicted that experts in a domain may have a reduced illusion of superiority
because they are more aware of their actual ability. We compared expert police drivers with novice police
drivers and found that this prediction was not supported. Expert police drivers rated themselves as superior
to equally qualified drivers, to the same degree as novices, Cohen's d = .03 ns. Despite their extensive additional
training and experience, experts still appear to be as susceptible to illusions of superiority as everyone
else.
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